• In mammals the primary cilium is considered a hub

  2021-12-13

  

  In mammals, the primary cilium is considered a hub for signal transduction. The cilium has previous been associated with transduction of several pathways including Wnt (Corbit et al., 2008, McDermott et al., 2010, Tran et al., 2014), PDGF (Clement et al., 2013, Schneider et al., 2010, Schneider et a

• Introduction The Hedgehog Hh signaling pathway regulates emb

  2021-12-13

  

  Introduction The Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway regulates embryonic organogenesis, tissue patterning, and cell differentiation (Armas-Lopez et al., 2017, Ingham and McMahon, 2013). Aberrant activation of Hh signaling pathway contributes to tumor formation and development of various cancers includi

• br Materials and methods br

  2021-12-13

  

  Materials and methods Results Discussion Importantly, we observed that treatment with DA3-CH could reduce the pathophysiological processes in the hippocampal CA1 area after SE. At present, the unimolecular dual incretin receptor agonist has been developed as a treatment for type 2 diabetes,

• br Introduction Connexins are transmembrane proteins that al

  2021-12-13

  

  Introduction Connexins are transmembrane proteins that allow the exchange of molecules with the extracellular environment or adjacent transcription factor via channels in the plasma membrane. Intercellular communication and exchange of biologically active molecules, salts, and nutrients to the e

• However Gingrich and Hen reported that absence of the gene

  2021-12-13

  

  However, Gingrich and Hen reported that absence of the gene at all stages of ontogenesis of mice may interfere with the normal developmental program and/or the organism may undergo changes in other systems to compensate for gene absence (46). In addition, potentially altered maternal behavior of GPR

• br Acknowledgements We thank Kathy Spindler for helpful

  2021-12-13

  

  Acknowledgements We thank Kathy Spindler for helpful review of the manuscript. Expert technical assistance from Joel Whitfield in the University of Michigan Cancer Center Immunology Core is greatly appreciated. This research was supported by the American Heart Association (16GRNT30250013) and by

• In human cancers it has been identified

  2021-12-13

  

  In human cancers, it has been identified that FOXC2-AS1 functions as an oncogenic RNA. For instance, in osteosarcoma, FOXC2-AS1 regulates the expression of FOXC2 at the transcription and post-transcription levels to promote doxorubicin resistance by facilitating ABCB1 expression (C.L. Zhang et al.,

• BMP signals play pivotal roles in the various

  2021-12-13

  

  BMP signals play pivotal roles in the various processes of chondrogenesis [12], [13]. At early stages of chondrogenesis, BMP signaling regulates the differentiation of mesenchymal caffeic acid into chondrocytes via the induction of Sox9[29]. The loss of Noggin, a BMP antagonist, results in the over

• Biliary tract cancers BTC are categorized into intrahepatic

  2021-12-13

  

  Biliary tract cancers (BTC) are categorized into intrahepatic, perihilar, extrahepatic BTC (or cholangiocarcinoma) as well as gallbladder cancer (GBC). Although the incidence of BTC is low in developed countries (3% of gastrointestinal cancers), BTC is the second most common primary liver tumor afte

• Intracellular signaling pathways leading to IR injury are

  2021-12-10

  

  Intracellular signaling pathways leading to IR injury are initiated by an increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS). This occurs principally at the time of initiation of reperfusion, which is accompanied by the re-admission of oxygen to the ischemic tissue. The resulting cascade of downstream event

• It has been suggested that the presence of nutrient

  2021-12-10

  

  It has been suggested that the presence of nutrient-sensing receptors and their natural ligands originating from different metabolic pathways in farm animals, are related to the critical outcome of metabolic-derived diseases in cattle (Mielenz, 2017). Thus, current article aimed to review the most r

• GPR shares a amino acid

  2021-12-10

  

  GPR81 shares a 52% amino SB 258719 hydrochloride sequence identity in humans to GPR109A [1], [2], [3]. In addition, GPR81 is localized more specifically to the adipose tissue [3]. In 2008, lactate was discovered to be the endogenous ligand for GPR81 [9], [10]. Plasma lactate levels reach concentrat

• We are aware that the classical biochemical view is centered

  2021-12-10

  

  We are aware that the classical biochemical view is centered on the local concentrations of specific ion and molecules rather than on cell electric potentials. However, important downstream processes can be influenced by acting locally on these potentials because they regulate the conductance of the

• GLP is released in response to

  2021-12-10

  

  GLP-1 is released in response to ingestion of nutrients including carbohydrates, protein, and fat. Recent studies aimed at identifying the receptors involved in nutrient stimulated GLP-1 secretion have identified free fatty Cap Firefly Luciferase mRNA australia receptor 4 (FFA4/GPR120) as a potenti

• br Material and methods br

  2021-12-10

  

  Material and methods Results Discussion In the present study, we attempted to unravel the mechanism underlying the statin-mediated inhibition of FGFR3 signaling in chondrocytes, reported earlier by Yamashita and colleagues. We evaluated the role of statins in four different experimental sys

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